Estradiol is one of the most important sex hormones in both men and women. It belongs to a group of hormones called estrogens, which are mainly responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system. However, estradiol has several important functions in men as well.
What is Estradiol?
Estradiol is a steroid hormone that is secreted primarily by the ovaries in women. It is produced from testosterone through the process of aromatization, in which testosterone is converted into estradiol by the enzyme aromatase.
During the menstrual cycle, estradiol levels fluctuate widely. They are lowest during the early follicular phase. As the ovarian follicles mature, they start producing more estradiol, causing a surge in its levels just before ovulation. This estradiol surge triggers the LH surge that causes ovulation. After ovulation, estradiol levels fall temporarily and then rise again during the luteal phase under the influence of progesterone.
If pregnancy occurs, estradiol levels remain elevated. Otherwise, falling estradiol levels trigger menstruation.
Functions of Estradiol
Here are some of the major functions of estradiol in women:
- Stimulates the growth of the uterine lining (endometrium) during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
- Causes thickening of vaginal mucosa and growth of vaginal epithelium
- Promotes development of female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty - breast growth, pubic and axillary hair etc.
- Together with progesterone, prepares the body for pregnancy
- Regulates bone formation and maintenance
- Influences synthesis and metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates
- Has neuroprotective effects on the brain
Estradiol in Men
Though present in much lower amounts than women, estradiol serves vital functions in men too:
- Plays a key role in reproduction - regulates spermatogenesis and libido
- Contributes to bone health and prevents osteoporosis
- Influences brain function - cognition, memory, mood etc.
- Helps modulate immune responses
- May have beneficial cardiovascular effects when present in balance with testosterone
- Excess estradiol in men can cause side effects like gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, low sperm count etc.
Measuring and Regulating Estradiol
Blood tests can determine estradiol levels in both men and women. Estradiol levels that are too high or too low can indicate issues with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Estradiol production declines in both sexes as a normal part of aging. Falling estradiol levels during menopause causes unpleasant symptoms like hot flashes, vaginal dryness, insomnia etc. in women.
Hormone replacement therapy containing estradiol and progesterone helps relieve menopausal symptoms and prevents bone loss in women. Estradiol creams are also effective for treating vaginal dryness and dyspareunia.
In men, testosterone replacement therapy can help raise estradiol levels along with testosterone. Selective estrogen receptor modulators like raloxifene are sometimes used to improve bone density in men.
Maintaining a healthy weight, staying active, and eating a nutritious diet rich in phytoestrogens can help support estradiol levels naturally. Get your hormone levels tested if you suspect any imbalances. The experts at Vitality Hormone Clinic can help analyze your reports and recommend suitable treatment options. Book an appointment today!